Thousands of al-Sadr supporters swarmed Baghdad's Firdous Square on Friday [Reuters]

The deal, which was signed by US and Iraqi officials earlier this week and is currently being debated by parliament, would allow US forces to stay in Iraq for another three years.

Demonstrators waved Iraqi flags and green Shia banners while chanting "No, no to the American agreement'' and "No, no to the agreement of humiliation" following Friday prayers.

The protest was held on Friday in Firdous Square, where US marines tore down a statue of Saddam Hussein during the US-led invasion in 2003.

Organisers placed an effigy of George Bush, the US president, holding a sign that said "the security agreement ... shame and humiliation" on a pedestal near a sculpture that replaced the Saddam statue.

After prayers were held, demonstrators pelted the effigy with plastic water bottles and sandles.

Security tight

Security was tight for the event, with heavily armed soldiers closing the area to traffic and army snipers on building overlooking the square.

"Let the government know that America is, and will not be, of any use to us because it is the enemy of Islam," al-Sadr said in a sermon read by Sheikh Abdul-Hadi al-Mohammadawi, his representative.

"The government must know that it is the people who help it in the good and the bad times. If it throws the occupier out, all the Iraqi people will stand by it."

The crowd responded to the reading with chants of "Yes, yes to Muqtada!" and "No, no to America!"

The pact has the support of the ruling coalition but al-Sadr's followers oppose any deal with the US forces and many Sunni Arab groups also have reservations.

US withdrawal

The agreement requires the US to hand back control of Iraqi air space and remove troops from the streets by June 2009 before leaving the country entirely by the end of 2011.

The pact also states that US forces will need Iraqi warrants to carry out arrests and US contractors will be subjected to Iraqi law.

However, there is still uncertainty over who will have jurisdiction over US troops who are believed to have committed crimes on Iraqi soil. The issue has been a major sticking point in previous debates over the pact.

In a speech on state television on Tuesday, al-Maliki attacked critics of the pact, saying they wanted the Americans to stay so that they could fight them.

He said the Iraqi cabinet had reservations about the pact, but saw it as the best way to return Iraq's sovereignty.

Parliament must pass the deal before it can take effect.

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